25 Years of Crystallization Publications: Celebrating Our Experts & Reflecting on a Milestone Year

As a proud sponsor of this year’s 25th edition of the ACT Larson Workshop, APC is reflecting on our long-standing commitment to crystallization science. Over the past 25 years, our experts have contributed significantly to the advancement of crystallization, shaping the future of process development for pharmaceutical manufacturing.

To celebrate this milestone year, we’ve curated a list of key crystallization publications from the past 25 years, showcasing the research and breakthroughs that have defined our approach and expertise. These publications represent the culmination of decades of innovative work by APC’s crystallization experts, illustrating our ongoing impact on the industry.

Whether you’re attending the ACT Larson Workshop or have a deep interest in crystallization science, this curated selection provides an in-depth look at the evolution of this essential field and APC's role in driving it forward.

1. N. MacFhionnlaoich, J. Zeglinski, M. Simon, B. Wood, S. Davin & B. Glennon, “A hybrid approach to aqueous solubility prediction using COSMO-RS and machine learning”, Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 209, 67-71, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2024.07.050

2. Y. Zhao, W. Zhang, J. Ouyang, G. Hou, V.K. Kamaraju & B. Glennon, “Estimation of secondary nucleation kinetics of benzoic acid in batch crystallizer”, Particuology, 87, 232-239, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.partic.2023.08.00

3. S. Huang, V. K. R. Cheemarla, D. Tiana & S. E. Lawrence, “Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions in Cocrystals of Sulfaguanidine”, Crystal Growth & Design, 23, 4, 2306–2320, 2023. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01337

4. S. Huang, V. K. R. Cheemarla, D. Tiana & S. E. Lawrence, “Exploring the Crystal Structure Landscape of Sulfasalazine through Various Multicomponent Crystals”, Crystal Growth & Design, 23, 8, 5446–5461, 2023. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01403

5. G. Morris, A. Keogh, U. Farid & A. Stumpf, “Development of an impurity and hydrate form controlling continuous crystallization to telescope a two-step batch recrystallization in the GDC-4379 drug substance process”, Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 183, 608-622, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.02.022

6. G. Pascual, P. Donnellan, B. Glennon, B. Wood & R. Jones, "Design and Optimization of the Single-Stage Continuous Mixed Suspension-Mixed Product Removal Crystallization of 2-Chloro-N-(4-methylphenyl)propenamide", ACS Omega, 7 (16), 13676-13686, April, 2022, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07228

7. M. W. Anderson, M. Bennett, R. Cedeno, H. Colfen, S. J. Cox, A. J. Cruz-Cabeza, J. J. De Yoreo, R. Drummond-Brydson, M. K. Dudek, K. A. Fichthorn, A. R. Finney, I. Ford, J. M. Galloway, D. Gebauer, Romain Grossier, J. H. Harding, A. Hare, D. Horvath, L. Hunter, J. Kim, Y. Kimura, C. E. A. Kirschhock, A. A. Kiselev, W. Kras, C. Kuttner, A. Y. Lee, Z. Liao, L. Maini, S. O. Nilsson Lill, N. Pellens, S. L. Price, I. B. Rietveld, J. D. Rimer, K. J. Roberts, J. Rogal, M. Salvalaglio, I. Sandei, G. Schuszter, J. Sefcik, W. Sun, J. H. ter Horst, M. Ukrainczyk, A. E. S. Van Driessche, S. Veesler, P. G. Vekilov, V. Verma, T. Whale, H. P. Wheatcroft & J. Zeglinski, “Understanding crystal nucleation mechanisms: where do we stand? General discussion”, Faraday Discussions, 239, 215, 2022. DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90021a

8. P. Roche, R. Jones, B. Glennon & P. Donnellan, “Development of a continuous evaporation system for an API solution stream prior to crystallization", AIChE Journal, 67 (11), 17377, November, 2021. DOI: 10.1002/aic.17377

9. Y. Zhao, J. Cui, L. Liu, G. Hou, V. Kamaraju & B. Glennon, "Crystal Growth Kinetics of Benzoic Acid in Aqueous Ethanol Solution", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 60, 1026-1035, January 2021. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05162.

10. A.L. Queiroz, B. Wood, W. Faisal, F. Farag, H. Garvie-Cook, B. Glennon, S. Vucen & A. Crean, "Application of percolation threshold to disintegration and dissolution of ibuprofen tablets with different microcrystalline cellulose grades", Int. J. Pharm., 589, 119838, September, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119838

11. D. Cheuk, J. Zeglinski, R. Krishnaraj & A. Rasmuson, “Influence of solvent on crystal nucleation of benzocaine”, CrystEngComm, 22, 8330, 2020. DOI: 10.1039/d)ce01306d

12. Y. Zhao, G. Hou, V. Kamaraju, Y. He, G. Power & B. Glennon, “Primary nucleation of benzoic acid in aqueous ethanol solution”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59 (1) 484-49, January, 2020. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05640

13. J. Zeglinski, M. Kuhs, K. Renuka Devi, D. Khamar, A. Hegarty, D. Thompson & A. Rasmuson, “Probing crystal nucleation of Fenoxycarb from solution through the effect of solvent”, Crystal Growth & Design, 19, 2037-2049, 2019. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.8b01387

14. B. Wood, K. Girard, C. Polster & D. Croker, “Progress to date in the design and operation of continuous crystallization processes for pharmaceutical applications”, Organic Process Research & Development, 23, 122-144, 2019. DOI: 10.1021/acs.orpd.8b00319

15. M. Simon, B. Wood, S. Ferguson, B. Glennon & R. Jones, “Diastereomeric salt crystallization of chiral molecules via sequential coupled-Batch operation”, AIChE Journal, 65 (2) 604-616, February 2019. DOI: 10.1002/aic.16466

16. M. Simon, P. Donnellan, B. Glennon & R. Jones, “Resolution via Diastereomeric Salt Crystallization of Ibuprofen Lysine: Ternary Phase Diagram Studies”, Chem. Eng. & Tech., 41 (5) 921-927, May 2018. DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700427

17. L. Durak, M. Kennedy, M. Langston, C. Mitchell, G. Morris, M.E. Perlman, K. Wendl, F. Hicks, C. Papageorgiou, “Development and Scale-Up of a Crystallization Process To Improve an API's Physiochemical and Bulk Powder Properties”, Organic Process Research & Development, 22 (3), 296-305, 2018. DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00344

18. Kumar, Z. Worku, Y. Gao, V. Kamaraju, B. Glennon, R. Babu & A.M. Healy, “Comparison of wet milling and dry milling routes for ibuprofen pharmaceutical crystals and their impact on pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical properties”, Powder Technology, 330, 228-238, May 2018. DOI: 10.1016/powtec.2018.02.022

19. Y. Gao, B. Glennon, V. Kamaraju, G. Hou & P. Donnellan, “Dissolution kinetics of a BCS Class II active pharmaceutical ingredient”, Organic Process Research and Development, 22 (3) 328-336, March 2018. DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00365

20. Z. Worku, D. Kumar, J. Gomes, Y. He, B. Glennon, K. Ramisetty, Å. Rasmuson, P. O’Connell, K. Gallagher, T. Woods, N. Shastri, A.M. Healy, “Modelling and understanding powder flow properties and compactability of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients and physical mixtures from critical material properties”, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 531, 191-204, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.063

21. G. Pascual, P. Donnellan, B. Glennon, V. Kamaraju & R. Jones, “Experimental and modeling studies on the solubility of 2-Chloro-N-(4-methylphenyl)propanamide (S1) in binary ethyl acetate plus hexane, toluene plus hexane, acetone plus hexane, and butanone plus hexane solvent mixtures using polythermal method”, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 62 (10) 3193-3205 October 2017. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.7b00288.

22. D. Acevedo, V. Kamaraju, B. Glennon & Z. Nagy, “Modeling and Characterization of an in Situ Wet Mill Operation”, Organic Process Research and Development, 21 (7), 1069 - 1079, 2017. DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00192

23. G. Tully, G. Hou & B. Glennon, “Solubility of Benzoic Acid and Aspirin in Pure Solvents Using Focused Beam Reflective Measurement”, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 61 (1), 594-601, 2016. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.5b00746.

24. G. Morris, G. Power, S. Ferguson, M. Barrett, G. Hou & B. Glennon, “Estimation of Nucleation and Growth Kinetics of Benzoic Acid by Population Balance Modelling of a Continuous Cooling Mixed Suspension, Mixed Product Removal (MSMPR) Crystallizer”, Organic Process Research and Development, 19 (12) 1891-1902, 2015. DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00139.

25. W. Su, C.L. Li, H.X. Hao, J. Whelan, M. Barrett & B. Glennon, “Monitoring the liquid phase concentration by Raman spectroscopy in a polymorphic system”, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 46 (11) 1150-1156 2015. DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4745.

26. Y. Gao, J.K. Wang, Y.L. Wang, Q.X. Yin, B. Glennon, J. Zhong, J.B. Ouyang, X. Huang & H.X. Hao, “Crystallization Methods for Preparation of Nanocrystals for Drug Delivery System”, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 21 (22) 3131-3139, 2015.

27. Y. Zhao, V.K. Kamaraju, G. Hou, G. Power, P. Donnellan & B. Glennon, “Kinetic identification and experimental validation of continuous plug flow crystallization”, Chemical Engineering Science, 133, 106-115, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.02.019

28. G. Power, G. Hou, V.K. Kamaraju, G. Morris, Y. Zhao & B. Glennon, 'Design and optimization of a multistage continuous cooling mixed suspension, mixed product removal crystallizer', Chemical Engineering Science, 133, 125-139, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.ces. 2015.02.014

29. S. Ferguson, G. Morris, H. Hao, M. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'Automated Self Seeding of Batch Crystallizations via Plug Flow Seed Generation', Chemical Engineering Research and Design 92 (11), 2534-2541, November 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.01.028

30. G. Hou, G. Power, M. Barrett, B. Glennon, G. Morris & Y. Zhao, 'Development and characterization of a single stage MSMPR crystallization process with a novel transfer unit', Crystal Growth and Design, 14 (4), 1782-1793, 2014.

31. S. Ferguson, G. Morris, H. Hao, M. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'Characterization of the anti-solvent batch, plug flow and MSMPR crystallization of benzoic acid', Chemical Engineering Science, 104, 44-54, 2013.

32. W. Su, H. Hao, B. Glennon & M. Barrett, 'Spontaneous Polymorphic Nucleation of d-Mannitol in Aqueous Solution Monitored with Raman Spectroscopy and FBRM', Crystal Growth and Design, 13 (12), 5179-5187, 2013.

33. D. Duffy, M. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'Novel, Calibration-Free Strategies for Supersaturation Control in Antisolvent Crystallization Processes', Crystal Growth and Design, 13 (8), 3321-3332, 2013.

34. S. Ferguson, G. Morris, H. Hao, M. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'In-situ Characterization of Plug-Flow Crystallizers', Chemical Engineering Science, 77, 105-111, 2012.

35. D. Duffy, N. Cremin, M. Napier, S. Robinson, M. Barrett, H. Hao & B. Glennon, 'In Situ Monitoring, Control and Optimization of a Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Crystallization', Chemical Engineering Science, 77, 112-121, 2012.

36. H. Hao, M. Barrett, Y. Hu, W. Su, S. Ferguson, B. Wood & B. Glennon, 'The Use of in situ Tools to Monitor the Enantiotropic Transformation of P-aminobenzoic Acid Polymorphs', Organic Process Research and Development, 16 (1), 35-41, 2012.

37. M. Barrett, H. Hao, A. Maher, K.B. Hodnett, B. Glennon & D. Croker, 'In-situ Monitoring of Supersaturation and Polymorphic Form of Piracetam during Batch Cooling Crystallization', Organic Process Research and Development, 15 (3), 681-687, 2011.

38. M. Barrett, D. O'Grady, E. Casey & B. Glennon, 'The Role of Meso-mixing in Anti-solvent Crystallization Processes', Chemical Engineering Science, 66, 2523-2534, 2011.

39. W. Su, H. Hao, M. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'The Impact of Operating Parameters on the Polymorphic Transformation of d-Mannitol Charaterized in situ with Raman Spectroscopy, FBRM and PVM, Organic Process Research and Development, 14 (6), 1432-1437, 2010.

40. H. Hao, W. Su, M. Barrett, V. Caron, A.-M. Healy, & B. Glennon, 'A Calibration-Free Application of Raman Spectroscopy to the Monitoring of Mannitol Crystallization and its Polymorphic Transformation', Organic Process Research and Development, 14 (5), 1209-1214 2010.

41. M. Barrett, M. McNamara, H. Hao, P. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'Supersaturation Tracking for the Development, Optimization and Control of Crystallization Processes', Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 88, 1108-1119, 2010.

42. D. O'Grady, M. Barrett, E. Casey & B. Glennon, 'The Effect of Mixing on the Metastable Zone Width and Nucleation Kinetics In the Anti-solvent Crystallization of Benzoic Acid, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Transactions IChemE part A, 85 A7, 945-952, 2007.

43. D. O'Grady, M. Barrett, E. Casey & B. Glennon, 'PAT and the Crystallization Toolkit', Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, 5 (6), 44-47, 2006.

44. B. O'Sullivan & B. Glennon, 'The Application of In Situ FBRM and ATR-FTIR to the Monitoring of the Polymorphic Transformation of D-Mannitol', Organic Process Research and Development, 9 (6): 884-889, 2005.

45. B. O'Sullivan, P. Barrett, G. Hsiao, A. Carr & B. Glennon, 'In-situ Monitoring of Polymorphic Transitions', Organic Process Research and Development, 7 (6): 977-982 Nov-Dec 2003.

46. P. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'Characterizing the Metastable Zone Width and Solubility Curve Using Lasentec FBRM and PVM', Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Transactions IChemE part A, 80, 799-805, October, 2002.

47. P. Barrett & B. Glennon, 'In-Line FBRM Monitoring of Particle Size in Dilute Agitated Suspensions', Particle and Particle System Characterization, 16, 207-211, 1999.